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- <text id=92TT0458>
- <title>
- Mar. 02, 1992: Horrors and Heroes
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1992
- Mar. 02, 1992 The Angry Voter
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- BOOKS, Page 64
- Horrors and Heroes
- </hdr><body>
- <p>By John Elson
- </p>
- <qt>
- <l>BENEVOLENCE AND BETRAYAL</l>
- <l>By Alexander Stille</l>
- <l>Summit; 365 pages; $25</l>
- </qt>
- <p> The fate of Italian Jewry during World War II has a
- special poignancy. This oldest of Judaic communities in the
- Western world had survived nearly two millenniums of
- intermittent repression and persecution. Italy was among the
- last countries of Europe to eliminate the ghetto, when Rome was
- liberated and the Papal States were abolished in 1870. Yet
- during the next 60 or so years, life for Italian Jews was sweet
- indeed. Anti-Semitism was of little moment in a country where
- they were such a tiny minority--47,000 in a population of 45
- million, as of 1910--that most Italians had never even met a
- Jew. Barriers to their material and social success, to
- assimilation and intermarriage, were few. In Italy, perhaps more
- than in any other European land, Jews felt truly at home.
- </p>
- <p> The reality--that their sense of security ultimately
- proved chimerical--is a tragically familiar tale, with more
- than its share of ironies. Strange as it may seem now, a
- substantial minority of Jews welcomed Benito Mussolini's
- accession to power in 1922. He promised order in a land
- threatened by leftist chaos, and il Duce's brand of Fascism did
- not become ideologically anti-Semitic until he fell under Adolf
- Hitler's political sway during the mid-'30s. To many Jews,
- patriotism became a near substitute for faith and for the
- ancient rituals they infrequently observed. Such was their
- loyalty to their homeland that on the so-called Day of Faith
- (Dec. 18, 1935), communities even donated gold and silver
- religious objects from their synagogues to help pay for the
- invasion of Abyssinia.
- </p>
- <p> Italian Jews eventually learned what happened to their
- coreligionists elsewhere under Nazi rule. Yet even after
- Mussolini approved the racial laws of 1938, which shatteringly
- demoted Jews to second-class citizenship, many naively clung to
- the belief that "it can't happen here." Ettore Ovazza of Turin,
- leader of the country's Jewish Fascists, remained a true
- believer until the very end--perhaps even as he was shot dead
- by an SS officer while trying to escape to Switzerland in
- September 1943. A half-Jewish writer whose nom de plume was
- Pitigrilli converted to Roman Catholicism and became a Fascist
- spy; he had once lectured successfully in Warsaw, and his name,
- curiously, lives on as a Polish slang term for something suspect
- or obscene.
- </p>
- <p> Benevolence and Betrayal has heroes as well as moral
- lepers. Rabbi Riccardo Pacifici risked his life by staying in
- Genoa after its occupation by German troops to minister to the
- city's large Jewish refugee population; he was one of some 7,000
- Italian Jews to die in concentration camps. Carlo Schonheit, a
- cantor from Ferrara, and his son Franco were among the handful
- who survived Buchenwald, the horrors of which Alexander Stille
- describes with chilling understatement. Pietro Cardinal Boetto,
- the frail Archbishop of Genoa, unhesitatingly agreed to carry
- on the work of a Jewish relief organization after it was forced
- to disband. "They are innocents," he told his secretary. "We
- must help them at whatever cost to ourselves." And then there
- were the thousands of Italian Christians who out of uncommon
- decency defied authority by harboring Jews or warning them of
- impending Gestapo roundups.
- </p>
- <p> Stille, an American journalist with an Italian Jewish
- father, is largely content to let the wonders and terrors of his
- subjects' experiences speak for themselves. The result is a
- dogged but deeply moving addition to the literature of the
- Holocaust.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-